The ‘CCC’ rating reflects continuing
high fiscal and external financing needs, exacerbated by the coronavirus shock
and the two cyclones that hit Mozambique in 2019. Financing pressures are
compounded by high general government (GG) debt and ongoing unresolved
public-sector debt liabilities.
The pandemic comes as Mozambique was
recovering from the destruction of crops and infrastructure following last
year’s devastating cyclones. We forecast GDP growth to decelerate to 2% in
2020, down from our pre-virus forecast of 5% and an estimate of 2.2% in 2019.
Economic disruptions related to virus-containment measures, coupled with lower
prices and demand for Mozambique’s commodity exports, will partially offset the
economic benefits of a recovery in the agricultural and construction sectors.
We expect growth to rebound to 4.3% in 2021 and 4% in 2022.
The hit to tax revenues along with
spending pressures from the pandemic shock and post-cyclone reconstruction
needs will cause the fiscal deficit on a cash basis to widen to 5.8% of GDP in
2020 (12% of GDP excluding grants) from a 0.2% surplus in 2019. The 2019 figure
would have registered a deficit of 5.6% had it not been for one-off tax
revenues related to the sale of Occidental Petroleum Corp.’s liquefied natural
gas (LNG) operations to Total. We project the fiscal deficit to narrow to 4% of
GDP in 2021 and 3.4% in 2022 as pandemic spending winds down and growth
rebounds. The projections assume grants worth 4.5% of GDP per year on average.
Funding options remain narrow. Some
official creditors have resumed budget-support flows, which had stopped in
2016, to finance emergency spending associated with the post-cyclone
reconstruction needs and the pandemic. Their commitment to expanded forms of
direct budget funding remains uncertain in Fitch’s view. Moreover, the
government is likely to have difficulty in accessing international capital
markets, given the current global environment and its recent history of
default. The shallowness of the local-currency bond market also constrains
domestic financing flexibility.
We expect the government to meet its
full-year 2020 financing needs (12% of GDP) through a mix of official creditor
funding (5% of GDP) that includes the IMF’s emergency financing, domestic bond
issuance (3.6% of GDP) and likely participation in the Debt Service Suspension
Initiative (DSSI) which would alleviate financing needs by 1.4% of GDP. We
assume the government will close the remaining financing gap by drawing down on
its deposits.
The government is discussing possible
debt restructuring beyond the DSSI with some official bilateral creditors.
Fitch understands that the authorities are committed to excluding market debt
in the sovereign’s debt restructuring and relief negotiations. A medium-term
programme with the IMF could ease financing conditions over the projection
horizon. Discussions initiated by the authorities with the IMF have reportedly
been delayed due to the pandemic, but could resume in 2H20.
The status of two loans to the State-Owned-Enterprises
(SOEs) Proindicus and MAM with purported state-guarantees remains uncertain.
Since 2016, the SOEs have not made principal or interest payments on their
respective loans, which totalled USD2.1 billion (14% of GDP) including arrears
in 2019. The government is challenging the validity of both guarantees in the
context of the ongoing legal disputes in the English courts. The uncertainty
surrounding these obligations and the ongoing judicial proceedings means that
at this stage Fitch cannot deem the sovereign guarantees to be unequivocal,
irrevocable and unconditional, and the missed payments therefore do not
currently constitute a default under our criteria.
We project GG debt to rise to 106% of
GDP in 2020 from 97% of GDP in 2019, due to high financing needs, the metical’s
depreciation (86% of GG debt is denominated in foreign currency), and the
accumulation of external arrears. Our debt estimates include the liabilities of
Proindicus and MAM, but otherwise exclude guaranteed domestic debt. We forecast
GG debt to then decline to 104% of GDP in 2021 and 96% in 2022.
The coming on stream of LNG megaprojects
(total investments worth around 395% of 2020 GDP) initially planned for
2023-2024 could have a positive impact on medium-term growth prospects. Exxon
Mobil postponed its final investment decision of USD30 billion (197% of 2020
GDP) to 2021, which will delay the start of production to at least 2026.
However, production related to projects operated by Total and Eni is still
planned to commence around 2023-2024.
We project the current account deficit
(CAD) to deteriorate to an exceptionally high 64% of GDP in 2020 from 21% in
2019, due to a higher LNG megaprojects imports, depressed coal exports and
higher imports of goods for healthcare and reconstruction. Private loans and
FDI related to the megaprojects, coupled with government and bank borrowing,
will cover 86% of external financing needs, while we assume Mozambique will
draw on its international reserves, worth USD4 billion at end-April 2020 (4.7 months
of current account payments). We forecast the CAD to widen to 68% in 2021 and
80% and 2022 as the megaproject flows intensify.
The metical depreciated by 14% against
the US dollar in the first half of 2020, and we expect some modest further
depreciation during the rest of the year. We expect inflation to remain
moderate at 4.5% from 2.8% in 2019, in light of sluggish domestic demand, lower
oil prices, and the temporary suspension of VAT on essential goods.
Political risks are rising. The
disarmament process, envisaged in the peace agreement signed in August 2019
between the ruling Frelimo party and the main opposition party Renamo, has
resumed in June after a hiatus of several months, as some Renamo factions
continued to launch attacks. In parallel, terrorist attacks in the gas-rich
northern region of Cabo Delgado have increased and expanded their reach in
recent months.
ESG – Governance: Mozambique has an ESG
Relevance Score of ‘5’ for both Political Stability and Rights and for the Rule
of Law, Institutional and Regulatory Quality and Control of Corruption, as is
the case for all sovereigns. These scores reflect the high weight that World
Bank Governance Indicators (WBGI) has in our proprietary Sovereign Rating
Model. Mozambique has a low WBGI ranking at the 22th percentile, reflecting
institutional weakness and governance shortcomings, as illustrated, for
example, by the revelation in 2016 of hidden debt.
SOVEREIGN RATING MODEL (SRM) AND QUALITATIVE OVERLAY (QO)
In accordance
with its rating criteria, for ratings in the ‘CCC’ range and below, Fitch’s
sovereign rating committee has not utilised the SRM and QO to explain the
ratings, which are instead guided by the rating definitions.
Fitch’s SRM is
the agency’s proprietary multiple regression rating model that employs 18
variables based on three-year centred averages, including one year of
forecasts, to produce a score equivalent to a Long-Term Foreign-Currency IDR.
Fitch’s QO is a forward-looking qualitative framework designed to allow for
adjustment to the SRM output to assign the final rating, reflecting factors
within our criteria that are not fully quantifiable and/or not fully reflected
in the SRM.
RATING SENSITIVITIES
Factors that
could, individually or collectively, lead to positive rating action/upgrade:
– Public
Finances: Sustained easing of financing conditions, for example from an
agreement on a medium-term IMF programme and wider official creditor support.
– Public
Finances: A substantial decline in the public debt-to-GDP ratio, for instance
as a result of a sustained reduction of financing needs, a restructuring of
official creditor liabilities, or a positive resolution of outstanding SOE debt
obligations.
–
Macroeconomics: Higher confidence in medium-term growth prospects, through the
timely coming on stream of the LNG megaprojects.
Factors that
could, individually or collectively, lead to negative rating action/downgrade:
– Increased
likelihood of a probable default event or restructuring of sovereign market
debt instruments.
BEST/WORST CASE RATING SCENARIO
International
scale credit ratings of Sovereigns, Public Finance and Infrastructure issuers
have a best-case rating upgrade scenario (defined as the 99th percentile of
rating transitions, measured in a positive direction) of three notches over a
three-year rating horizon; and a worst-case rating downgrade scenario (defined
as the 99th percentile of rating transitions, measured in a negative direction)
of three notches over three years. The complete span of best- and worst-case
scenario credit ratings for all rating categories ranges from ‘AAA’ to ‘D’.
Best- and worst-case scenario credit ratings are based on historical
performance. For more information about the methodology used to determine
sector-specific best- and worst-case scenario credit ratings, visit
[https://www.fitchratings.com/site/re/10111579].
KEY ASSUMPTIONS
We expect global economic trends to develop as outlined in Fitch’s most recent Global Economic Outlook published on 29 June 2020.
We expect global economic trends to develop as outlined in Fitch’s most recent Global Economic Outlook published on 29 June 2020.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
The principal
sources of information used in the analysis are described in the Applicable
Criteria.
REFERENCES FOR SUBSTANTIALLY MATERIAL SOURCE
CITED AS KEY DRIVER OF RATING
The principal
sources of information used in the analysis are described in the Applicable
Criteria.
ESG CONSIDERATIONS
Mozambique has
an ESG Relevance Score of 5 for Political Stability and Rights, as World Bank
Governance Indicators have the highest weight in Fitch’s SRM and are therefore
highly relevant to the rating and a key rating driver with a high weight.
Mozambique has
an ESG Relevance Score of 5 for Rule of Law, Institutional and Regulatory
Quality and Control of Corruption, as World Bank Governance Indicators have the
highest weight in the SRM and are therefore highly relevant to the rating and a
key rating driver with a high weigh.
Mozambique has
an ESG Relevance Score of 4 for Creditor Rights as willingness to service and
repay debt is relevant to the rating and is a rating driver. Mozambique cured
the protracted default in 2019, and ongoing litigation surround unresolved
public-sector liabilities still dents a full normalisation of the country’s
relationship with creditors.
Mozambique has
an ESG Relevance Score of 4 for Human Rights and Political Freedom, as World
Bank Indicators have the highest weight in Fitch’s SRM and are therefore
relevant to the rating and are a rating driver.
Mozambique has
an ESG Relevance Score of 4 for Natural Disasters and Climate Change, as its
macroeconomic conditions are exposed to the impact of natural disasters, which
is relevant to the rating and is a rating driver.
Except for the
matters discussed above, the highest level of ESG credit relevance, if present,
is a score of 3. This means ESG issues are credit-neutral or have only a
minimal credit impact on the entity(ies), either due to their nature or to the
way in which they are being managed by the entity(ies).
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