The Mozambican parliament, the Assembly of the
Republic, on Wednesday unanimously passed the first reading of a bill on
conservation areas which dramatically increases the penalties for poaching,
particularly of endangered species.Introducing the bill, Tourism Minister
Carvalho Muaria said the current legislation “does not allow for severe
penalties against offenders, and so there are no measures that discourage
poaching”. The pressure on wildlife from poaching had increased significantly in recent
years. The animals most at
risk were elephants and rhinoceros. Muaria said that, in the last quarter of
2012 and the first quarter of 2013, Mozambique’s largest conservation area, the
Niassa Reserve, in the far north, had lost elephants to poachers at the rate of
two to three a day.The
Minister noted that Mozambique
is also used as a corridor to smuggle ivory and rhino horns (often from rhinos
killed in South Africa )
to the Asian market. The bill proposes prison sentences of between eight and 12 years for people who
kill, without a licence, any protected species, or who use banned fishing gear,
such as explosives or toxic substances. The same penalty will apply to people
who set forests or woodlands on fire (poachers often use fire to drive animals
into the open).Anybody using illegal firearms or snares, even if they do not
catch protected species, can be sentenced to two years imprisonment.In addition, those found guilty of the illegal exploitation, storage, transport
or sale of protected species will be fined between 50 and 1,000 times the
minimum monthly national wage in force in the public administration (at current
exchange rates, that would be a fine of between 4,425 and 88,500 US dollars).Violation of the provisions of the Convention on the International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES) could also result in a fine of up to a thousand
times the national minimum wage. So
ivory or rhino poachers, if caught, are looking at a prison term of 12 years
and a fine of almost 90,000 dollars).Those who
degrade ecosystems through deforestation, fire “or any other voluntary act”
will be obliged to restore the area to its previous condition. If they cause the decline of any
wildlife species, they will have to pay for restocking, in addition to any
other penalties imposed by the courts. “The Mozambican state fully accepts its responsibility to humanity to protect
the biological diversity on its territory”, said Muaria.
The bill,
he added, also seeks to ensure the “rehabilitation and reorganisation of
conservation areas, and to design innovative and pragmatic management models,
reconciled with the interests of the public and private sectors and of the
communities who live within and nearby the conservation areas”.Each conservation area will be run by a Management Council, chaired by the
government-appointed administrator of the area, and including representatives
of local communities, private businesses and local state bodies.The bill adds that the state “may establish partnerships with the private
sector, local communities, national and foreign civil society organisations,
through contracts, and with the private partner financing in whole or in part
the administration of the conservation areas, thus creating synergies in favour
of the preservation of biological diversity”.Any public or private body authorised to exploit natural resources in a
conservation area or its buffer zone, must compensate for its impacts “and
ensure that there is no net loss of biodiversity”.Current conservation areas cover about 25 per cent of Mozambique ’s
surface area. The bill
divides them into “areas of total conservation”, and “conservation areas of
sustainable use”.The former term covers nature reserves and national parks. In these areas no
hunting, agriculture, logging, mining or other acts that may damage
biodiversity are permitted. The introduction of exotic species is also
banned. Cultural or
natural monuments are also fully protected, and the bill guarantees the
preservation of any rare, endemic or endangered species found there.The “conservation areas of sustainable use” include special reserves,
environmental protection areas, official hunting areas, community conservation
areas, wildlife sanctuaries and private wild life farms. Each of these has its own set of rules, but they are less stringent than for
national parks. In some of them hunting is allowed under licence, and
communities are allowed to exploit their resources for their own subsistence,
and in a sustainable manner. Any tourist or other activities authorised in
conservation areas must pay fees to the state, fixed by the government, and a
certain percentage of those fees will be channelled to the local communities.
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