While fires in Australia and Brazil’s Amazon have captured headlines
over the last few months, half a world away and far from the media spotlight,
Mozambique was similarly ablaze. The fires, combined with agricultural
expansion and development, have reduced Mozambique’s forest cover by three
million hectares – about 11% – from 2001 to 2018, according to the United
Nations. But a pair of innovative land-rights programs, funded by the U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID) and Britain’s Department for
International Development (DFID), are helping to clarify what is fueling the
fires and are providing guidance on how the blazes might be battled. For years, farmer Calisto Luis Vasconcelos had a front row seat to the
fires. Six times he lost his sugar cane crop to the flames.
“In the past, it has been out of control,” said Vasconcelos. “You would
just see a wall of fire coming toward you with no warning” In Mozambique, fires
are a season problem. They are the result of traditional farming practices in
which farmers burn their fields to prepare them for the next planting season. Unclear
and undocumented rights to land add fuel to the fire, because when farmers have
unclear and undocumented rights to their land, they tend to have conflicts with
neighbours. The World Bank estimates that 90% of rural land in Africa is
undocumented, so, this is a common problem. The undocumented and unclear
boundaries and the slim margin for survival for many rural families are a
destructive combination. Farmers often dispute boundaries with their neighbours
with an eye toward claiming a few rows of their neighbour’s corn or cane for
themselves. With poverty and hunger high, every row counts. These persistent
disagreements over boundaries tend to sour relations between neighbours,
sometimes bubbling over into outright violence. In this toxic environment, when
a farmer decides to burn his or her field to make way for the next season’s
crops, they may not warn a neighbour of their plans or take care to ensure that
the fire does not spread.
This was the case in Vasconcelos’ community. He was locked in conflict
with his neighbours over his prized parcel of land – four acres of extremely
fertile land down by the river. “It is a good piece of land and everyone
claimed it,” said Vasconcelos. “It was mine, but everyone wanted it.” His
neighbours would try to nibble away at the edges of his field, trying to get
his land by taking a few rows of corn at a time. Their constant bickering meant
that, in the words of Vasconcelos, “There were no rules. Things were out of
control.”
And when his neighbours burned their fields, they gave Vasconcelos no
warning and took no action to contain the fires to their own fields.
This began changing when DFID and USAID funded programs to help
communities clarify and document their land. Working in different villages
throughout the region, USAID and DFID’s partners have been teaching villagers
how to use GPS-enabled tablets and to document the boundaries of each person’s
fields. Farmers receive land certificates with maps of their property, a
calculation of acreage, their name, and a list of community witnesses –
providing documentation of their land use. Now, everyone in Vasconcelos’
village, Enhumua, has agreed on where their fields end and their neighbours’
begin.
Vasconcelos and his neighbours who have never had titles or deeds – often
inheriting their land from their parents or buying it on a handshake – finally
have the security of documentation that the land they farm is theirs.
Local government leaders Oliveira Pinto and Martin Gabriel Paiva said
the land documentation programs were aimed at improving women’s empowerment,
boosting nutrition, and reducing conflict. They have achieved those goals and
brought another unexpected benefit, reducing the uncontrolled fires. “Now that the issue of land is settled, we are working together more,”
said Paiva. “Now that we have recognised each other’s rights, we have changed
our behaviour,” said Vasconcelos. “We respect each other.“
Arlindo Macuva
is a Mozambique-based project coordinator for the NGO Oram. He works with
communities across Mozambique to help them document their rights to land.
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